Safely transition from the air to the ground. | | Every takeoff requires a landing. |
- Weight to wheels
- Touchdown, energy
- Approach, glideslope
- Aiming point
- Power = Altitude / Pitch = Airspeed
- Ground effect
- Flare, trading A/S for altitude
- Rollout and braking
- Wind
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- Pre-landing checklist (GUMPS)
- Abeam touchdown: 12" MP, 90 knots, 10° flaps
- Base: 20° flaps 75 knots
- Final: 40° flaps, 70 knots, stable approach
- 10-20' above runway: Flare, reduce power smoothly
- Watch runway end: Peripherals, judge touchdown
- Touchdown: Elevator back pressure
- Sufficient braking, centerline with feet
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- Crosswinds
- Windshear
- Go-arounds
- On centerline by 500'
- Stabilized by 300'
- Tailwinds
- Steep bank angles
- Overshooting
- Stall/spin
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- Not correcting for wind drift
- Undershooting/overshooting final
- Steep banks in the traffic pattern
- Poor coordination
- Stretching glide
- Excess airspeed in flare
- Insufficent airspeed in flare
- Flaring to early, too late, too fast, too slow
- Focusing too close in flare
- No aerodynamic braking
- Excessive wheel braking
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- Approach +10/-5 knots
- Touchdown +400'/-0ft (private)
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