Normal Approach and Landing

Whiteboard

Objective Transition safely from air to ground.	Normal Approach and Landing	Motivation Every takeoff requires a landing.
Elements Weight on wheels Touchdown energy Approach and glideslope Aiming point Power controls altitude, pitch controls airspeed Ground effect Flare: trade airspeed for altitude Rollout and braking Wind correction	Traffic pattern diagram	Procedure Pre-landing checklist (GUMPS) Abeam touchdown: 12" MP, 90 knots, 10° flaps Base: 20° flaps, 75 knots Final: 40° flaps, 70 knots, stable approach At 10–20' above runway: Flare, reduce power smoothly Watch runway end with peripheral vision, judge touchdown Touchdown: Hold elevator back pressure Apply brakes as needed, maintain centerline
Risk Management Crosswinds Windshear Go-arounds On centerline by 500' Stabilized by 300' Tailwinds Steep bank angles Overshooting Stall/spin	Common Errors Not correcting for wind drift Undershooting or overshooting final Steep banks in the pattern Poor coordination Stretching the glide Excess airspeed in flare Insufficient airspeed in flare Flaring too early, too late, too fast, or too slow Focusing too close during flare Not using aerodynamic braking Excessive wheel braking	Completion Standards Approach speed: +10/-5 knots Touchdown: +400'/–0 ft (private)

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